Reversible self-assembly of imbedded metallomacrocycles within a macromolecular superstructure

ABSTRACT

In accordance with the present invention, there is provided a method for preparing a reversible, self-assembly of an imbedded hexameric metallomacrocycle within a macromolecular superstructure. The method occurs by an intramolecular mechanism in which a macromolecular skeleton possesses multiple ligands capable of reversible assembly-disassembly triggered by the presence of metal ions.

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/631,084, filed Nov. 24, 2004, herein incorporated by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the preparation of substantially identical, shape-specific molecular architectures upon the complete removal of the molecular bonding forces that bind the building blocks of the motif together. More specifically, the present invention relates to the preparation of molecular architectures wherein the building blocks are constructed to facilitate their connectivity in a precise and controlled manner resulting in a desired molecular shape in a reversible manner.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Molecular imprinting processes widely occur in complex biosystems, thus, selective and specific biological moieties bound by antibodies, such as hormones, are vital for basic cell-cell communication. Experimental simulation of cell imprinting has been predominately developed using bulk polymerizations in which guests, or templates, are used to create a molecular “impression” via incorporation within the infrastructure of appropriately juxtaposed ionic, hydrogen bonding, or other non-covalent loci. Small organic guests are typically used as the template from which, after its removal, the cavity, shape, and binding site's directivity of the host are frozen in orientation for subsequent re-recognition of structurally related guests. There has been developed a novel monomolecular imprinting process, whereby porphyrin-cored dendrimers possessing terminal alkenes were initially created, followed by alkene cross linking to give the host-guest combination; porphyrin removal thus created the desired cavity possessing the desired recognition sites. Such host-guest molecular recognition generally relies on intermolecular assembly of components.

Based on previous work concerning the hexameric self-assembly of meta-bis(terpyridinyl)arenes possessing the critical 120° angle with respect to the two ligating moieties, it was noted that the Fe(II) hexamer is sensitive to basic conditions compared to the more robust Ru(II) analogue; thus under basic conditions, demetallation quantitatively regenerated the starting bis-ligand. It has similarly been shown that the related tpy₂Cu complex can also be destroyed by KCN. Such a facile disassembly process coupled with the high yield hexamer macrocyclization suggests the possibly of reversible assembly in an appropriate molecular nanotemplate.

Thus there exits a need to provide a method of molecular nanofabrication wherein the self-assembly process occurs by an intramolecular mechanism in which a macromolecular skeleton possesses multiple ligands capable of reversible assembly-disassembly triggered by the presence of metal ions.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is, therefore, an aspect of the present invention to provide a method of preparing a reversible, self-assembly of an imbedded hexameric metallomacrocycle within a macromolecular superstructure.

It is another aspect of the present invention to provide a method of preparing a metallomacrocycle. The method includes preparing an alkene-modified ligand, reacting the ligand with at least a first source of a metal ion to form a first hexamer and crosslinking the hexamer with a first catalyst to form an inner macrocyclic complex. The method further includes disassembling the inner macrocyclic complex to form a demetallated macrocycle and regenerating the inner macrocyclic complex through the addition of at least a second source of a metal ion to the demetallated macrocycle. The method also includes reducing the demetallated macrocycle with at least a second catalyst to form an ethereal macrocyclic complex and reacting the ethereal macrocyclic complex with at least a third source of a metal ion to form the inner macrocyclic complex.

This and other advantages of the present invention are achieved by the method as described in more detail below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of reversible metallation-dematallation that facilitates the formation of a templated hexamer.

FIG. 2 is a computer generated model of the templated hexamer 3;

FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of a synthesis showing reversible metallation-dematallation of a templated hexamer;

FIG. 4 is a schematic representation of a second variation of a synthesis showing reversible metallation-dematallation of a templated hexamer; and

FIG. 5 is a ¹H NMR spectra of the metallated hexamer template 10 (upper; 750 MHz) and the demetallated polyterpyridine-modified, 114-membered cycloalkane 9 (lower; 300 MHz).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Generally, the present invention provides a method of molecular nanofabrication wherein the self-assembly process occur by an intramolecular mechanism in which a macromolecular skeleton possesses multiple ligands capable of reversible assembly-disassembly triggered by the presence of metal ions.

As seen in FIG. 1, a reversible, assembly-disassembly method is used in preparing a hexametallomacrocycle containing twelve terpyridine groups enclosed within a 114-membered macrocyclic structure. The design of the initial bisterpyridine ligand was facilitated by molecular modeling simulations, as seen in FIG. 2, in order to optimize the requisite alkyl chain length and thus the final ring circumference. Subsequently, oct-7-enyl groups were attached to a bisterpyridinylphenol to yield (82%) the alkene-modified ligand 1.

As seen in FIG. 3, the alkene-modified ligand 1 was then treated with FeCl₂ in MeOH to form a deep purple solution, from which the heliotrope, microcrystalline hexamer 2 was isolated (91%) and confirmed (¹H NMR) by the downfield shift of the 3′,5′-tpyH (s; δ=9.79, Δδ=+0.96 ppm), an upfield shift for the 6,6″-tpyH (d; δ=7.33, Δδ=−1.44 ppm), and the shift of 4,6-ArH positions (s; δ=8.27, Δδ=+0.66 ppm) upon complexation. The distinct singlets for the external 4′,6′-ArH and CH₂ support the symmetric, homogenous hexamer 2, which was completely soluble in most of the common organic solvents.

Hexamer 2 was subsequently cross-linked using Grubbs' catalyst to generate two major products: the desired purple, microcrystalline, inner macrocyclic complex 3, possessing the 114-membered, hexaolefinic ethereal outer superstructure, as well as the isomeric by-product 5. Success of the cross-linking reaction was demonstrated (¹H NMR) by the disappearance of the terminal alkene absorptions at 5.88-5.78 and 5.04-4.94 ppm along with the appearance of a new peak at 5.61 for the formation of a new double bond as a mixture of E and Z isomers. Due to the isomeric nature of 3 and 5, quantitative demetalation (K₂CO₃, DMF) of this crude mixture was initially confirmed by the total loss of coloration, indicative of the disassembly of the hexameric core. The resultant white solid, comprised of the two major components 4 and 6, was readily separated by preparative TLC (Al₂O₃) eluting with a 3:1 mixture of EtOAc and hexane. The expected macrocycle 4 had a triplet peak at 5.36 ppm confirming the presence of the double bonds as well other signature NMR peaks and a definite peak at m/z 2612.8 (ESI-MS) for (M+2H)²⁺. The nominal dimeric byproduct 6, generated from 5, was also separated and confirmed by NMR and ESI-MS spectrum. The cross-linking reaction greatly depends upon the concentration of hexamer 2; in general, it was found that concentrations greater than 10⁻⁴ M could generate more complex mixtures. Subsequent treatment of pure hexa-bisterpyridine macrocycle 4 with Fe(II) regenerated the purple microcrystalline 3, which was readily demetalated (K₂CO₃, DMF) again to recover the original ligand 4 in a respectable overall conversion (85%; after chromatography).

As seen in FIG. 4, it is shown that in order to remove the structural complexity caused by the mixture of cis and trans olefinic configurations, the macrocycle ligand 4 was hydrogenated [(5 or 10%) Pd/C, EtOH, THF (2/1, v/v)]; however, olefin reduction was accompanied with the unwanted debenzylation affording (100%) the macrocycle 8, as a viscous oil, and hydroxybisterpyridine 7, that was identical to the original starting material 1. Whereas, the use of Raney-Ni with hydrazine in EtOH gave rise to smooth reduction of the olefinic centers and circumvented the unwanted debenzylation resulting in a pale blue-green solution, which may be derived from traces of terpyridine-nickel complexes; refluxing in ethanolic K₂CO₃ for 1 hour subsequently afforded (>90%) the pure terpyridine-modified, ethereal macrocycle 9 after chromatography [Al₂O₃, EtOAc, hexane (3:1)]. The reduced superstructure was confirmed (¹H NMR) by the disappearance of the olefinic proton absorption as seen in FIG. 5. The structure was further identified by the mass peak at m/z 2641.5 (ESI-MS) for (M+2Na)²⁺.

Treatment of the dodeca-ligand 9 with FeCl₂ in MeOH gave a deep purple solid, which was column chromatographed (SiO₂) eluting with a 1:7:1 mixture of H₂O, MeCN, and KNO₃, followed by counter-ion exchange with PF₆ ⁻ to give (80%) hexamer 10. Quantitative disassembly of 10 with K₂CO₃ in DMF resulted in the reformation of the metal-free 9, which was again transformed back to complex 10; assembled and disassembled samples were identical in all aspects to the original materials. Since there are no opportunities for structural repair in this assembly process via this mode of construction, as expected, there is a minor (ca. 3-5%) loss in each re-assembly phase. After removal of the pure regenerated hexamer by simple chromatography, all defective materials were simply treated with base to recover the original dodeca-ligand. Using this recyclization procedure, overall yields can approach 100%.

The following working examples are given to illustrate the disclosed ligands and complexes prepared in reversible metallation-demetallation method of the present invention.

Example 1 Synthesis and Characterization of Hexamer 2

To a solution of 3,5-di(octenyloxy)benzyloxybisterpyridine (1; 130 mg) dissolved in CHCl₃ (15 mL), was slowly added dropwise a mixture of FeCl₂ (one equiv.) in MeOH (60 mL) at 25° C. The resultant purple solution was filtered through a celite layer then evaporated in vacuo to give (91%) deep purple crystals. The counterions were exchanged by added NH₄ PF₆ to give pure hexamer 2: mp>300° C. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃/CD₃OD in 1/1) δ 9.79 (s, 4H, ArH^(3′,5′)), 9.11 (s, 5H, ArH²+PyH^(3,3″)), 8.27 (s, 2H, ArH^(4,6)), 8.01 (s, 4H, PyH^(4,4″)), 7.33 (s, 4H, PyH^(6,6″)), 7.25 (s, 4H, PyH^(5,5″)), 6.86 (s, 2H, BnH), 6.53 (s, 1H, BnH), 5.80-5.71 (m, 2H, CCH═C), 5.59 (s, 2H, OCH₂Ar), 4.98-4.73 (m, 4H, C═CH₂), 4.04 (t, 4H, OCH₂), 2.02 (m, 4H, CH₂), 1.80 (m, 4H, CH₂), 1.49-1.25 (m, 12H, CH₂). ESI-MS (7469.42; C₃₅₄H₃₄₈F₇₂Fe₆N₃₆O₁₈P₁₂):m/z:1722.6 (M−4PF₆)⁴⁺, 1349.5 (M−5 PF₆)⁵⁺, 1100.3 (M−6PF₆)⁶⁺, 922.1 (M−7PF₆)⁷⁻, 789.0 (M−8PF₆)⁸⁺, 685.1 (M−9PF₆)⁹⁺, 602.3 (M−10PF₆)¹⁰⁺.

Example 2 Synthesis and Characterization of Inner Macrocyclic Complex 3

To a degassed solution of hexamer 2 (120 mg, 1.6×10⁻⁵ M) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (1.00 L) at 25° C., a solution of Grubbs' catalyst (5.4 mg, 10% eq.) (Aldrich, first generation) in benzene was added at once. The reaction mixture was stirred for two days at 25° C. The solvent was removed in vacuo to give a deep purple solid, which was dissolved in CH₃CN/MeOH (1/4, v/v), and then additional NH₄ PF₆ in MeOH was added until the product precipitated. The mixture was filtered through a celite layer, washed with warm mixture of benzene and MeOH to remove the trace of Grubbs' reagent. After work up, 105 mg of purple microcrystalline mixture was obtained and directly used for next demetalation. The ¹H NMR (CD₃CN) showed a clear disappearance of the terminated alkenes, a new peak at δ=5.60 presented the new double bond.

Example 3 Synthesis and Characterization of Macrocyclic Complex 4

A mixture of macrocyclohexamers (3 and 5; 90 mg), derived from above cross-linking, was dissolve in DMF (35 mL) at 25° C. then K₂CO₃ (70 mg) was added; the mixture was stirred at 80° C. for 5 hrs. The original purple coloration started to diminish after an hour, and ultimately became a clear solution shortly thereafter. At this stage, the solvent was evaporated in vacuo to give a pale yellow residue, which was extracted with CHCl₃/H₂O; the organic phase was washed with brine and dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, concentrated in vacuo to give a solid, which was chromatographed (ThLC; Al₂O₃) eluting with a EtOAc/hexane (3/1) mixture affording 4, as an off-white powder precipitated from CH₂Cl₂ and hexane: 31 mg (43%); mp: 82-85° C. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 8.80 (s, 4H, ArH^(3′,5′)), 8.76 (d, 4H, PyH^(6,6″)), 8.71 (d, 4H, PyH^(3,3″)), 7.94 (s, 1H, ArH²), 7.90 (t, 4H, PyH^(4,4″)), 7.58 (s, 2H, ArH^(4,6)), 7.39 (t, 4H, PyH^(5,5″)), 6.71 (2 s, 2H, BnH), 6.45 (m, 1H, BnH), 5.36 (t, 2H, CH═CH/trans and cis), 5.19 (s, 2H, OCH₂Ar), 4.07 (t, 4H, OCH₂), 2.02 (m, 4H, CH₂), 1.80 (m, 4H, CH₂), 1.47 (m, 4H, CH₂), 1.38 (m, 4H, CH₂), 0.89 (m, 4H, CH₂); ¹³C NMR δ 160.4, 160.1, 156.4, 156.2, 150.4, 149.4, 141.2, 139.2, 137.1, 130.8, 130.3, 124.1, 121.6, 119.5, 114.7, 108.1, 107.6 100.5, 70.5, 68.4, 32.2, 29.9, 29.1, 28.0, 27.6, 25.4; ESI-MS: m/z 2612.8 amu (M+2H)²⁺, 2635.3 amu (M+2Na)²⁺, 2643.2 amu (M+K+Na)²⁺, 1742.9 amu (M+3H)³⁺, 1764.9 amu (M+3Na)³⁺, 1774.2 amu (M+Na+2K)³⁺.

Example 4 Synthesis and Characterization of Macrocyclic Complex 6

A second fraction was also eluted from the above mixture 4. Complex 6 was isolated as a white powder: ca. 40%; mp: 80-83° C.; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 8.78 (s, 4H, ArH^(3′,5′)), 8.74 (d, 4H, pyH^(6,6″)), 8.70 (d, 4H, PyH^(3,3″)), 7.93 (s, 1H, ArH²), 7.89 (t, 4H, PyH^(4,4″)), 7.57 (s, 2H, ArH^(4,6)), 7.35 (t, 4H, PyH^(5,5″)), 6.67 (2 s, 2H, BnH), 6.44 (m, 1H, BnH), 5.38 (t, 2H, CH═CH/trans and cis), 5.18 (s, 2H, OCH₂Ar), 3.98 (t, 4H, OCH₂), 1.98 (m, 4H, CH₂), 1.77 (m, 4H, CH₂), 1.45 (m, 4H, CH₂), 1.36 (m, 4H, CH₂), 0.86 (m, 4H, CH₂). ESI-MS: m/z 1743.2 (M+H)⁺, 1765.0 (M+Na)⁺.

Example 5 Synthesis and Characterization of Macrocyclic Complexes 7 and 8

Attempted reduction of the double bonds with Pd/C and hydrogen was initially done by directly using the above mixture of 4 and 6 from the demetalation. After the work-up, a white powder 7 was isolated (100%) and shown to be identical starting material; thus, the product of debenzylation. There was also isolated an oil residue 8, which possessed neither the alkene nor terpyridine ¹H and ¹³C NMR resonances.

Example 6 Synthesis and Characterization of Ethereal Macrocyclic Complex 9

A suspension of macrocyclic hexabisterpyridine 4 (35 mg, 6.8 μmol) in EtOH (20 mL) with Raney-Ni and hydrazine was stirred. After 4 hrs, the catalyst was filtered to give a pale green solution, which was refluxed further with K₂CO₃ for 2 hrs affording a pale yellow solution. The solution was filtered through a celite layer, evaporated in vacuo and chromatographed (basic Al₂O₃) eluting with a mixture of hexane and EtOAc (1:4) to give (91%) the pure 9, as a wax-like powder: 32 mg; mp: 75-78° C.; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 8.81 (s, 4H, ArH^(3′,5′)), 8.76 (d, 4H, pyH^(6,6″)), 8.72 (d, 4H, PyH^(3,3″)), 7.95 (s, 1H, ArH²), 7.91 (t, 4H, PyH^(4,4″)), 7.60 (s, 2H, ArH^(4,6)), 7.37 (t, 4H, PyH^(5,5″),) 6.70 (2 s, 2H, BnH), 6.47 (m, 1H, BnH), 5.21 (s, 2H, OCH₂Ar), 4.10 (t, 4H, OCH₂), 1.78 (m, 4H, CH₂), 1.49 (m, 4H, CH₂), 1.38 (m, 4H, CH₂), 1.29 (m, 8H, CH₂). ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) δ 160.7, 156.4, 156.3, 150.4, 149.4, 141.2, 139.2, 137.1, 124.1, 121.6, 119.5, 114.7, 114.7, 106.9, 102.0, 100.2, 68.4, 28.7, 28.4, 28.2, 27.9, 25.2. ESI-MS: m/z 2623.8 (M+2H)²⁺, 2641.5 (M+2Na)²⁺, 2652.5 (M+K+Na)²⁺, 2659.7 (M+2K)²⁺.

Example 7 Metal Reversible Process to Produce 3

To a solution of 4 (20 mg) dissolved in CHCl₃ (15 mL), was slowly added dropwise a mixture of FeCl₂ (one equiv.) in MeOH (60 mL) at 25° C. The resultant purple solution was filtered through a celite layer then evaporated in vacuo to give (81%) deep purple crystals. The counterions were exchanged by added NH₄ PF₆ to give pure hexamer 3: mp>300° C.; ¹H NMR (CD₃CN) δ 9.48 (s, 4H, ArH^(3′,5′)), 8.83 (s, 5H, ArH²+PyH^(3,3″)), 8.29 (s, 2H, ArH^(4,6)), 8.02 (s, 4H, PyH^(4,4″)), 7.34 (s, 4H, PyH^(6,6″)), 7.24 (s, 4H, PyH^(5,5″)), 6.90 (s, 2H, BnH), 6.62 (s, 1H, BnH), 5.62 (m, 2H, CH═CH), 5.43 (s, 2H, OCH₂Ar), 4.18 and 4.07 (m, 4H, OCH₂), 1.85 (m, 4H, CH₂), 1.48-1.01 (m, 16H, CH₂).

Example 8 Metal Reversible Process to Produce 10

The metal reversible process to produce 10 was identical to that of 3. The purple microcrystalline 10 was isolated in >90% yield: mp: >300° C.; ¹H NMR (CD₃CN) δ 9.51 (s, 4H, ArH^(3′,5′)), 8.83 (s, 5H, ArH²+PyH^(3,3″)), 8.27 (s, 2H, ArH^(4,6)), 7.99 (s, 4H, PyH^(4,4″)), 7.33 (s, 4H, PyH^(6,6″)), 7.18 (s, 4H, PyH^(5,5″)), 6.89 (s, 2H, BnH), 6.58 (s, 1H, BnH), 5.60 (s, 2H, OCH₂Ar), 4.16 (t, 4H, OCH₂), 1.77 (m, 4H, CH₂), 1.48 (m, 4H, CH₂), 1.30 (m, 12H, CH₂). Anal. Calcd for C₃₄₂H₃₃₆Cl₁₂Fe₆N₃₆O₁₈ (5999.06)+(26H₂O): C, 63.51; H, 6.05; N, 7.80. Found: C, 63.52; H, 6.10; N, 7.31. ESI-MS (6615.28, C₃₄₂H₃₃₆B₁₂F₄₈Fe₆N₃₆O₁₈;): m/z 2118.5 (M−3BF₄)³⁺, 1567.2 (M−4BF₄)⁴⁺, 1236.5 (M−5BF₄)⁵⁺, 1015.8 (M−6BF₄)⁶⁺, 858.5 (M−7BF₄)⁷⁺, 740.1 (M−8BF₄)⁸⁺, 648.1 (M−9BF₄)⁹⁺, 574.8 (M−10BF₄)¹⁰⁺, 514.7 (M−11BF₄)¹¹⁺, 464.3 (M−12BF₄)¹²⁺.

Example 9 Demetalation

Iron hexamer 3 and 10 can be quantitatively demetalated by heat with K₂CO₃ and DMF at 80° C. to reverse the free ligands 4 and 9. The NMR and mass spectra are the exactly same as their precursors.

The invention has been described in an illustrative manner, and it is to be understood that the terminology that has been used is intended to be in the nature of words of description rather than of limitation.

To illustrate the invention, it is shown and described with respect to specific embodiments. This is not intended as a limitation, and other modifications or variations in the specific form shown and described will be apparent to those skilled in the art. 

1. A method of preparing a metallomacrocycle, the method comprising the steps of: preparing an alkene-modified ligand; reacting the ligand with at least a first source of a metal ion to form a first hexamer; and crosslinking the hexamer with a first catalyst to form an inner macrocyclic complex.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the catalyst is a Grubbs catalyst.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the inner macrocyclic complex possesses a macromolecular outer superstructure.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the macromolecular outer superstructure has a multi-hexaolefinic ethereal structure.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein an isomeric by-product of the inner macrocyclic complex is also formed.
 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising: disassembling the inner macrocyclic complex to form a demetallated macrocycle; and regenerating the inner macrocyclic complex through the addition of at least a second source of a metal ion to the demetallated macrocycle.
 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising: reducing the demetallated macrocycle with at least a second catalyst to form an ethereal macrocyclic complex; and reacting the ethereal macrocyclic complex with at least a third source of a metal ion to form the inner macrocyclic complex.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the ethereal macrocyclic complex is a terpyridine-modified, ethereal macrocycle.
 9. A method of reversibly self-assembling imbedded metallomacrocycles within a macromolecular superstructure, the method comprising the steps of: preparing an alkene-modified ligand; reacting the ligand with at least a first source of a metal ion to form a first hexamer; crosslinking the hexamer with a first catalyst to form an inner macrocyclic complex, wherein the inner macrocyclic complex is a metallomacrocycle; disassembling the inner macrocyclic complex to form a demetallated macrocycle; and regenerating the inner macrocyclic complex through the addition of at least a second source of a metal ion to the demetallated macrocycle.
 10. The method of claim 9 further comprising the steps of: reducing the demetallated macrocycle with at least a second catalyst to form an ethereal macrocyclic complex; and reacting the ethereal macrocyclic complex with at least a third source of a metal ion to regenerate the inner macrocyclic complex. 